Mo Yan’s the Garlic Ballads: Saga of Suffering and Solitude Essay

They are, instead, people with their own shortcomings and prejudices, and by understanding that, Mo Yan shows the true power of an artist–rather than stoop for the easy message, he dives into the actuality of his characters to make them empathic and flawed, and allow us to root for them and cringe when we realize that they simply don’t have the wisdom to always act correctly. When it comes to the plight of the farmer and the destitute, Mo Yan has experience in spades. The Garlic Ballads tells the tale of a group of Chinese peasants whose lives are dependent upon selling their garlic crop; when harvests exceed governmental estimates, officials curb the amount of garlic that can be brought to market, setting off a violent chain of events. Against this backdrop, Mo weaves presents three stories: that of two lovers, which dominates the novel, as well as a familial conflict and the relationship between two friends. Howard Goldblatt’s translation is so good as to make the reader mistake this for an English novel; the prose is nearly flawless. Set in rural China, The Garlic Ballads explores the misfortune of ordinary Chinese farmers during the post revolutionary period. The very title which focuses on the word ‘Ballads’ reveals that it is a love story in particular spiced by magic realism. The harrowing experiences make the stuff of the novel. The small dramas of the Gao and Yang families, set against a slightly larger but nonetheless miniscule backdrop of rural corruption gets steadily deeper as it progresses, illuminating the paradoxes of modern China and the unchanging demands of love, family, and duty. There are also other heterogeneous elements – an arranged marriage, a botched directive from central agricultural planners, a drunk driver with government connections. All are woven into a coherent whole through the poetic vision of Mo Yan who easily peddles in realism. This novel which focuses on the aftermath of an uprising a tragic story which depicts both a very specific time and place and sheds light onto basic human truths. The people of Paradise County have been encouraged, if not ordered, to grow garlic, and so garlic has infused itself into every aspect of the people’s lives–their breath reeks of it, their celebrations tainted with it. But the governing officials of Paradise County are out to grab up every copper they can, and so out come the taxes for traveling the roads to the co-op warehouses, the penalties, the closures, and one day the garlic farmers have had enough and act out against the officials making their lives so full of hardship. The government retaliates, and Mo focuses on some of the victims. First, there is Gao Yang, who suffers enough with a blind daughter and a new son soon to be born, but he is beaten and brought to jail. One who escapes at first is Gao Ma, a former soldier who longs to marry Jinjun, whose family have agreed to marry her to someone else, but Gao Ma and Jinjun do not take the alternate marriage lightly, and trouble ensues from there. Jinjun’s mother, Fourth Aunt of the Fang family, is also sought after in the police hunt since she won’t stay quiet about her husband being run over by a government official, and the lives of these peasants intertwine through the courses of love and justice. The Fang family is cruel to both Jinjun and Gao Ma as they try to reject the lovers’ vow to be married, and Gao Yang suffers humiliation and torment from his cellmates. Fourthly we have the character of the Aunt who appears to be tyrannical at home, but in jail she becomes a different creature altogether. At times, she is bawdy and scatological, at other times heart-breaking and lyrical. Thus through the characters, Mo Yan gives us the entirety of the human spectrum in his novel. The main story in The Garlic Ballads details the tragic love story of Gao Ma and Fang Jinju. This story is told in parallel with the life of Gao Yang and some other stories. All are inter-related. The background is a Chinese village in the mid 1980s. The details make it frightfully real. The central focus in the book is however on an invasion and trashing by an angry mob of the local governmental offices. We do not see this event occur until the end of the book, yet it colors every moment in the lives of the Fang and Gao families of Paradise County. It is understandable that the Beijing government would suppress a novel that shows most of its local officials to be bloated satraps and its policement to be little better than thugs, applying cattle prods to their prisoners and beating them mercilessly. Equally villainous, however, are the Fang family, who force their daughter to marry an old man in a three-in-one arranged marriage that guarantees that their crippled eldest son also gets a bride. In a grisly scene, the marriage deal finally goes through after both the daughter and her fiance commit suicide: Their bodies are dug up, their remains are mixed together, and they are re-interred in a single coffin. The full picture of alternating hopelessness and rebellion emerges slowly and tragically, and the disparate elements weave together into an elegant and moving whole. The Swedish Academy which selects Mo as the recipient of the Nobel Prize praised his ‘hallucinatory realism’ saying that along with his other writings, Sorghum, The Big Breasts and Wide Hips, The Garlic Ballads ‘merges folk tales, history and the contemporary’. Mo in his writings mingled fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives and thus created a world reminiscent in its complexity of those in the writings of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Although Mo is the writer of eleven novels and a hundred of short stories, The Garlic Ballads seems to be his masterpiece. Born in 1955 to parents who were farmers, Mo Yan – a pseudonym for Guan Moye; the pen name means â€Å"don’t speak† – grew up in Gaomi in Shandong province in north-eastern China. The cultural revolution forced him to leave school at 12, and he went to work in the fields, completing his education in the army. He writes about the peasantry, about life in the countryside, about people struggling to survive, struggling for their dignity, sometimes winning but most of the time losing . Arundhati Roy’s A God of small Things is graphic and captivating, but seen from that perspective, The Garlic Ballads is ten imes more so. The novel depicts simple people living in hard times, in very helpless circumstances. Basically there was no way out, and people could only console themselves that their lives were `fated’. â€Å"I think writers write for their consciences, they write for their own true audiences, for their souls,† Mo said in an interview with  China Daily. â€Å"No person writes to win awards. † Today the best reward in literature comes to him. In fact he is the first Chinese writer to win this reward in Literature. The Garlic Ballads seems to have gained prominence no less than Marquez’s 100 years of Solitude.

Museum Essay

` Judge, Stephanie Art 100 Museum Essay and Online Museum Essay Bibliography: â€Å"William-Adolphe Bouguereau Biography. † Bouguereau Biography. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"MFAH | Top 100 Highlights | #1 – The Elder Sister. † MFAH | Top 100 Highlights | #1 – The Elder Sister. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. . Online Museum Essay William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) The Elder Sister, 1869 Oil on canvas, 51 ? x 38 ? inches The Museum of Fine Arts, HoustonOne of the finest French artists of the 19th century thought of by many is William Bouguereau. He was well known for his traditional academic style and depicted paintings in such a way where they would seem life like and flawless taking away any imperfections. He was admired by the wealthy and known for painting portraits of others, in which he won many awards for. He also enjoyed painting portraits of his children. In Bouguereau’s The Elder Sister he created a life like portrait of his daughter and son on canvas in 1869. One thing that distinguished him from other artists was his attention to precise detail.It has been said that there were no other artists were as original that could create such beautiful paintings as him. When taking a closer look at this particular painting The Elders Sister, it becomes evident why he is considered one of the finest 19th century artists. Bouguereau’s The Elder Sister is a traditional oil painting on canvas that measures 51 ? x 38 ? inches. At first glance the viewer will notice the overall soft contoured lines while looking at a pair of young children, whom are surrounded by rural landscape into the vanishing point that meets the cloudy blue-grey sky in the horizon.The elements of analogous earth tones seen throughout the painting are accompanied by a few complimentary colors seen on the children’s clothing which produce a great sense of calmness and ease. The composition as a whole is asymmetrically balanced b y a dark pigmented green bush in the right near corner which is placed beside the children. To the left of them is a small grayish house that displays fine lines and geometric shapes that depicts organic tall green trees that hover well above the house.The positive shape and focal point of the composition is the elder sister whom is sitting in the near distance on a rock, which is covered by abstract textures and shades of green grass that surround the whole landscape. Slouched a bit forward, one arm is quietly holding her sleeping infant brother while cradling his small torso as her other arm rests vertically over his legs onto her right knee as she gazes directly at the viewer with an intense stare. The infant seems to be comfortable in her arms by the way he is laying. Noticeably the children are exquisitely portrayed leaving no signs of any flaws.They are dressed in earth toned pristine clothing, which are painted with such delicacy and show great detail in the value. In the dis tance behind the space where the infant’s head lays a small pond below what appears to be grassy hills and mountains, these all appear smaller than the children which create depth and distance. Above the horizon towards the vanishing point shows a sky filled with darkened clouds combined with lighter ones that appear to encompass the top portion of the plane down to the waist of the girl. The way in which Bouguereau painted represents how passionate he was in depicting what he saw.The way the portrait is conveyed creates unity and keeps every element of the painting easy for the viewer to follow. One example would be the use of rhythm and repetition used in the clouds. It is evident that he displayed complete control when creating the contoured and implied lines in the space. The overview of The Elder Sister is yet a timeless work of art and creates a perfected masterpiece of the quiet beauty of the children and the natural green hues of the landscape. The peaceful feeling th at The Elder Sister recommends is something that one can take with them after viewing this work of art.This is a painting that brings serenity and shows how siblings can care for one another. It is showed in the way the sister is holding her infant brother in her arms giving him a sense of ease. Bouguereau obviously has a passion for painting his children and demonstrates it through the soft delicate details. http://www. mfah. org/art/100-highlights/Elder-Sister-Bouguereau/ In person Museum Paper OVER- MODELED SKULL 20th Century Vanuatu, Melanesia Different from any other art such as traditional arts are not actually created for any other reason other than religious rituals or conceivably community functions.The OVER-MODELED SKULL is a dynamic piece of art from the twentieth century that caught my eye while I was at the Bowers Museum. This particular skull came from Vanuatu, Melanesia otherwise known as Oceania. It is an island in the South Pacific Ocean where only chiefs and men of high rank would be honored after their passing. After a year of someone of this rank died, the modeled skull would be created by a skilled craftsman to resemble the deceased man and then used in ceremonies and placed in their house.It is believed that the spiritual power would remain there for about twenty years. After observing this body of material a few times over again, it is evident that this particular culture of Oceania takes pride in making such art and it is an important part of their everyday life. This modeled skull was composed from vegetable matter, sap, pigment and the deceased man’s skull. Upon walking into the exhibition that was called Spirits and Headhunters I came across a well lit glass display that housed this art form.At first glance I felt quite intimidated and chilled by overall structure of the mask. The structure itself was biomorphic and oval shaped resembling that of human form. The hollowed oval eyes that seemed like blackened tunnels were the fo cal point. The skull portrayed a long widened nose was the most prominent form of the man’s face which made it appear to be closed form. There is a space where the mouth once was as if the man were to be half smiling. There are cracks in multiple places suggesting that this piece has been around for many years.Complimenting the face are three dull contrasting colors that the craftsman used which are orange, black and brown giving a form of balance. The orange takes up most of the forehead painted in an upside triangle form and continues down the center of the face. The black covers the other part of the forehead as well as the eyes and the rest of the face. Towards the side by the temples is the color brown where the paint tends to end. Laterally the view is the side of the painted face which extends back to the rounded back of the skull which I was not able to view.The foremost part of the skull towards the back appears to be marbled by different tones of beige. The structur e itself seems hardened yet fragile. The craftsman that made this traditional work of art possible for spiritual reasons created a simple yet unique face from the skull. Though my first impression was a bit startling I came to appreciate what this OVER- MODELED SKULL was about and entails. Since this is a way of life for the people of Oceania they would not look at this skull the same way others that were not educated on their way of life might.This fragile looking skull teaches us about one of the traditions of the Oceania people. After one of the high ranking men passed a modeled skull was to be made by a local craftsman to resemble him so the people could keep his spirit alive. There were ceremonies and rituals that were held for twenty years after the skull was remodeled. The skull was kept in the man’s house and after twenty years was disposed of because they thought the spirit couldn’t survive longer than that. This shows how diverse the world is in art and how w e might perceive what the meaning was intended to be. http://www. bowers. org/

Colony Collapse Disorder

The Buzz on Colony Collapse Disorder Denise Collins According to the National Geographic News website, the domestic honey bee population has decreased 50% in as many years (Roach, 2004). Many reasons are blamed for the decrease in honey bee numbers including diseases and pesticides. Scientists have given the decline in honey bee population phenomenon a name, Colony Collapse Disorder. While some experts maintain that Colony Collapse Disorder is a nuisance and not a catastrophe, it is a serious problem affecting domestic honey bees worldwide. Colony Collapse Disorder is a phenomenon affecting domestic and wild honey bee colonies worldwide. Basically what is happening is worker bees are leaving the hive and not coming back but disappearing. There are warning signs of a hive on the verge of collapse. Queen bees are seen outside of the hive is one warning sign of impending collapse. Another is juvenile bees making up the workforce. The juvenile bees are not capable of caring for the larvae. Bees also will not eat their own stores. Once a hive has collapsed, the hive appears to be abandoned by adult bees with young still in the hive. After a hive has collapsed, some of the bees predators, like wax worms, will not invade the hive (Eccleston, 2007). pic] The New York Times, 2007 One believed cause of this disorder is bees being infected with micro-organisms. These micro-organisms might be affecting the bee’s immune system (Barrionuevo, April, 2007). Most researchers are blaming a parasite for the heavy decline in the bee population. The parasite, varroa mites, is a blood-sucking mite that hitches rides on worker bees backs. Once the mites are in the hive, the female mites bury themselves into the bottom of brood cells. The female mites then feed on the larvae and lay their own eggs (Bejamin, 2008). Once a colony is infected with this mite the colony an collapse within a few days (Latham, 2008). This still does not explain why the bees leave and do not return or why there are few dead bees in the collapsed hive. Some researchers believe that since almost all the cases of Colony Collapse Disorder have occurred among commercial bee keepers that the problem must be with the beekeeping practices (Eccleston, 2007). One possible cause is the use of pesticides on commercial crops. This could be a reason it appears that most of the commercial bee keepers are showing problems with Colony Collapse Disorder. The effects to our everyday life would reach into all areas. First, the shrinking bee population would affect our grocery lists. We would lose honey followed by most fruits and vegetables. We would no longer have cotton. Animals that are dependent on grain would come next. With the loss of cows, goats, and other milk giving live stock, cheese, milk, ice cream, and other dairy products would be eliminated from our diets. One would also have to take into consideration of the life saving medicines that are made from botanicals (Barrionuevo, April, 2007). Presently there is research being done all over the United States and the world looking for a solution to this problem. A researcher with the state of Pennsylvania is looking at the possibility of an â€Å"immune suppression† type of disease that is affecting the honey bees. This disease is being compared to the AIDS disease in humans (Barrionuevo, February, 2007). Pesticides have been considered for controlling the mites believed to be afflicting the honey bees. There are risks with using these pesticides. Keeping this in mind, researchers are looking for alternatives to using pesticides. One possibility is a fungus that only attacks the mites and not the bees. The problem researchers are faced with is how to introduce the fungus into the hives (Roach, 2004). Robbin Thorp, an emeritus professor at UC Davis, has suggested using other bee species to do the work of the honey bees (Nielsen, 2006). Still others say that commercial farming has destroyed the honey bees’ natural habitat through weed free farming and pesticides. To rectify that, new habitats need to be created and protected (Nielsen, 2006). Spanish researchers have recently announced they have found the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder. The scientists are suggesting that the honey bees are being attacked by a fungus called Nosema ceranae. Through further testing of infected hives, the researchers may have also found a cure. Simply enough, an antibiotic has been found to be effective in curing the colony (Ford, 2009). I believe that more research needs to be done to further evaluate the Colony Collapse Disorder. We need to make sure that all possible causes have been checked and rechecked. There could be more than one cause to the devastating disorder. There could also be more than one remedy to the problem. The first item that needs to be completed is do extensive study of the both the wild and domesticated honey bee. This study of both types is to be done to see why commercial honey bee colonies are affected more often than wild hives. A healthy hive needs to be quarantined for the control. When a colony is suspected of being on the verge of collapsing, miniature transponders will be attached to worker bees to track its movements. Every aspect of the honey bees’ life needs to be studied and documented. The first sign of a colony in danger of collapse needs to be documented. When a remedy is found it can be treated as soon as possible. This step needs to be completed as quickly as possible before it becomes critical. I am estimating a time frame of 12 to 18 months to gather data, analyze the data, and distribute the findings. The next step is to interview commercial and hobbyist bee keepers and to record their observations. Since they are working with their bees on an everyday basis, they would be more apt to see subtle changes to their hives. This would be like a mothers relationship with her child. This step can be done in conjunction with the first step. This step should take three to six months to complete this part of the plan. The third step is to educate bee keepers on what to look for in their hives. The bee keepers need to be able to recognize the initial signs that one of the hives is beginning to collapse. Education will be the key in solving this problem. Education should be an ongoing process. There will need to be not only pamphlets and manuals to distribute, but the county agriculture extension offices need to provide training to both commercial bee keepers and hobby bee keepers. This way the keepers can identify symptoms in the early stages. Flyers need to be distributed into the communities. The public can be aware of the bees that have transponders. The flyers will contain information on where to report bees that are found with the transponders. If this plan is followed as laid out, a solution should be found within two years. The benefits for following this plan would be to find a solution and implement it to save the honey bees. To save the honey bees would be to save our way of life. Educating the bee keepers will help to keep track of the progress being made. Communication with the bee keepers will allow researchers to track any new symptoms or outbreaks of Colony Collapse Disorder. Challenges for my plan will consist of not being able to control the accuracy of the data collection from the bee keepers. I would have to trust that the keepers are keeping accurate records. Another challenge would be to secure the necessary funding to keep research going for two years. The federal government will need to provide the funding for the research through grants. I will also need a moderate sized lab to perform the necessary testing of bees and hives. Funding can provide for the lab or the government can provide us with a lab in a central location. The commercial growers need to commit to helping the commercial bee keepers with observations of the bees. When transponders are attached, commercial growers need to help with locating the bees that leave the hive and do not return. The general public should become actively involved in reporting found transponder bees. Private citizens could be contracted to create habitats that are conducive to improving the numbers of honey bees. Flower gardens planted with plants that are favored by the honey bees and not treated with any pesticides can be created by both the public and the local governments. Colony Collapse Disorder is everyone’s concern not just commercial bee keepers or commercial growers. The global community should be aware of any and all evidence of potential out breaks of Colony Collapse Disorder. Information on the research being done is to be shared with other countries that are dependent on honey bees. While some experts maintain that Colony Collapse Disorder is a nuisance and not a catastrophe, it is a serious problem affecting domestic honey bees worldwide. The occurrences of Colony Collapse Disorder are quickly spreading worldwide at epidemic rates. This disorder affects honey bees and the hives. Honey bees are important for more than just food. In order to control or even stop this epidemic there needs to be research done on the causes of the disorder. There then needs to be education for the keepers, growers and general public. In the end, it is the world’s responsibility to solve this issue or hunger will affect more than third world countries. Botanical compounds used in medicines will disappear. At some point, the human race will have to face extinction. Let’s not let it happen without a fight. Barrionuevo, Alexi (February 27, 2007). Honeybees Vanish, Leaving Keepers in Peril. The New York Times, Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/02/27/business/27bees. tml? pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=3aaa0148837b8977&ex=1330232400&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1245258136-9BkLxjVu7rXlI15p1S/g Barrionuevo, Alexei (April 24, 2007) Bees Vanish and Scientists Race for Reasons. The New York Times, Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/04/24/science/24bees. html Bejamin, Alison and McCullum, Brian (June 25, 2008). As mystery pl ague threaten to wipe out bees, scientists reveal: our survival depends on them. Mail Online, Retrieved June 10, 2009 from http://www. dailymail. co. uk/sciencetech/article-1028560/As-mystery-plague-threatens-wipe-bees-scientist-reveal-survival-depends-them. html Eccleston, Charles H. (2007). The case of the disappearing honeybees: An Environmental harbinger? , Wiley InterScience Ford, Matt (April 16, 2009) A cure for colony collapse. arts technical. Retrieved June 15, 2009 from http://artstechnica. com/science/news/2009/04/a-cure-for-colony-collapse. ars Latham, Marc (September 26, 2008). Global Bee Deaths Threaten Foods. Suite101. com, Retrieved June 3, 2009 from http://zoology. suite101. com/article. cfm/bee_deaths_threaten_essiential_ Foods Nielsen, John (October 18, 2006) Declining Bee Population Threatens Major Growers: NPR. Npr, Retrieved June 10, 2009 from http://npr. rg/templates/story/story. php? storyId=6299480 Roach, John (October 5, 2004). Bee Decline May Spell End of Some Fruits, Vegetables. National Geographic News, Retrieved from http://news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2004/10/1005_041005_honeybees. html The New York Times. (April 24, 2007). [Graph of states that are reporting colony Collapse disorder as of March 2007] Disap pearing Bees. Retrieved June 17, 2009 from http://news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2004/10/1005_041005_honeybees. html Watanabe, Myrna E. (May, 2007). Bee Seige. Bioscience, 57(5), 464. Doi: 10. 1641/B570516

Corporate Social Responsibility Issues in Business and Law Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Issues in Business and Law - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is the concept of corporate social responsibility or CSR that can be understood in the sense of companies voluntarily incorporating their social and environmental considerations in their activities and in their interactions with their stakeholders. CSR therefore involves ethical and moral considerations impacting on the corporate decision-making processes and behaviours. The discussion on CSR expanded from its original definition, utilizing the practice of CSR as a base point or a building block from which other similar concepts can be drawn. Wood pointed out that CSR needs to be established in a bigger context, with the highlight made on the outcomes of one’s performance. Swanson and Crane suggested that any establishment may be motivated to comply with CSR based on the utilitarian perspective where CSR is used as a means of gaining performance objectives. They may also be motivated to comply with CSR based on the negative duty approach wher e compliance is made due to socially prescribed initiatives. Finally, the motivation may also be based on the positive duty view. In the positive duty view, businesses are self-motivated to comply with their corporate social responsibilities regardless of the pressure from society or from the government authorities. There are also different processes which are being considered by businesses in complying with their CSR, and these processes include environmental, issues, and stakeholder management. As these processes are being implemented in the organization, they help the business comply with their CSR and with the demands of the stakeholders7. The responsibility of businesses to general society has been a major source of debate throughout the years. Issues in its implementation include the fact that CSR has long been a contested policy as questions on its benefits have been raised consistently8. Various issues on the definition and coverage of the CSR have also been raised. Its cove rage has spanned a wide range of considerations throughout the years with its concerns on the environment, on human rights considerations, and on the fair treatment of the consuming public. Regardless of these issues, the concept of CSR is founded on the socio-political and economic concept of transparency, as well as sensitivity to the consequences of corporate actions9. The increased scrutiny and frequent changes in CSR policies are all part of the current trend towards making CSR more responsive to the needs of the people, the stakeholders, and the environment. Amidst growing concerns for environmental and cultural concerns, CSR policies are also being adjusted and conceptualized, giving the concerned individuals or groups the chance to make better business choices. In relation to banks, their decisions and policies in relation to CSR have been slow in coming even when their overall impact on the economy has always been considered significant10. The initial consideration of banks as

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Operations Management - Essay Example The international nature that is evident in the markets as well as competition has made many of the companies that operate globally to make reviews to their operations strategy and the companies are thus moving from the centralized operations to the decentralized ones so that they can benefit from the accessible resources while being closer to the markets. The organizations have also made several changes in the approaches, techniques and operations they employ with the goal of meeting the evolving requirements associated with the market. Companies therefore have to be in competition on the basis of more than one competitive performance goals that include quality, cost, receptiveness, suppleness as well as reliability.Mass customization has therefore developed to be a key goal as in many of the companies and the organizations are developing the build-to-order supply chain so that it can be flexible and responsive. To accomplish mass customization, the build-to-order model has to be ac tively implemented in a variety of industries, company like BMW allows the customers to make changes to the vehicles that they want within six days of the final assembly and this includes an entire change in the colour of the car. This enables the company for example, to build more than half a million permutations of the Z3 since they can be tweaked to the customer’s specifications in the event that he or she wants adjustments.As a result of the escalating international competition as well as a decline in the profit margins.

Cyber crime,the social engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cyber crime,the social engineering - Essay Example Today social engineering has become a nuisance to many people as the cybercrime techniques improve and spread widely. Those committing the offenses tend to manipulate the victims into believing false information to obtain personal or organizations crucial information. Cybercrimes pay as some of the social engineering obtains payments through targeting specific organization information. The internet as a social engineer leads to over reliance on information provided through the internet. People meet through the social network and share information without their physical knowledge, thus promoting cybercrime. People act upon the received emails, telephones, mobiles and faxes from others they are unfamiliar with. It is becasue of the the ability to believe what others say. People, in many cases, act as the weak links to cybercrime as the hackers target the human nature and obtain a response. The social engineers tend to be charming or at times use their appearance and hold false authorit y. Ruse acts as a key while the parody and disguise is through speech, physical disguise or documents (Brenner 2010 page 40-96). Face to face communication proves to be the best form of information exchange as people obtain direct feedback. Physical reactions are evident and direct responses are made unlike communication through the internet. The social engineers use tricks and technology to obtain information that is difficult to track. The engineers have good knowledge on the use of computers and ways to prevent their arrest. Social engineering through the internet is easy to deal with as phone numbers are tracked leading to the social engineer. Though the act of spoofing provides a social engineer with the name, and number of the caller that permits the callers to forge their identity, social engineering still proves difficult to deal with. Web spoofing allows scanning of documents and

Knowing Your School and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Knowing Your School and Community - Essay Example Martin of Tours Fife campus on August 30, 1993, at 2323 54th Ave. E. Fife, WA 98424. All Saints School conducts CTBS (California Test of Basic Skills) and WASL (Washington Assessment of Student Learning) tests as per the state education department’s assessment standards. The CTBS is a computer-based test that provides a ranking on the national level of a specific grade. The average national score for CTBS is 50% to rank a student’s score. The WASL is a written test where a student has to reach a certain standard of marks, which is a percentage score of the students taking the test to achieve the standard set by the state education department (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/info_test_scores.htm). All students are supposed to reach the grade-levels set by the Catholic Archdiocese, matching with the recommended Washington state â€Å"Essential Academic Learning Requirements.† Complete information on the grade-level expectations is given in the Parent/Student Handbook also (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/info_grade_level_exp.htm). Students get trimester report cards where progress report on each subject is displayed for improving the performance so that they know their strong and weak areas. Generally, students score above the state and national averages in the tests given from time to time (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/brochure.pdf). Report cards don’t provide a complete view of a student progress. A meeting with the teacher provides a clear picture of the progress of a child in totality. Parents are intimated of any such meeting to discuss the issues concerning a student’s report card is required. Students are given admission without any discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, national and ethnic origin, age, and any physical handicap.  

CRR-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CRR-2 - Essay Example This approach, according to (Davis and McKay 1996, p. 100) first of all recounts the oppositions views, and also to help construct the writers own position. After having registered his stance, Howard delves right into the point of the argument he likes to defend by reiterating Deegans concern "what did my son die?" (Howard 2002, p.11). In fact at this point Howard continues with his pathos by registering contingent emotions through the description of the Islamic fanatics who bombed Bali using terms like "despise", "liberal", "open life of western nations" and "violent murder" to appropriate orientation between himself and the audience (Cockcroft & Cockcroft 1992, p.40; Hughes 1990, p. 33). By addressing Deegans concerns one by one Howard logically defends and establishes his ethos (the concept personality and stance as introduced by Aristotle). As a reader since we do not have any preconceive idea as to his character or emotions, these lines establish his personality as sympathetic, logical and as concerned as any Australian citizen (his audience). The essence of Howards argument lies in his statement that Australia is publicly and closely associated with the US since September 11, 2001 because of security reasons. However, in the next five to six paragraphs, Howard digresses from his stance. While he manages to use facts to establish logos, the "process of judgement" (Cockcroft and Cockcroft 1992, p. 10), he does not effectively make a case for his argument. According to Bakhtin (Andrews 1992, p.8), argument principles involve internal dialogic quality of discourse" which means both the sender and receiver must understand the elements of logic in an argument. In these paragraphs Howard digress from his logic, which loses the appeal he established at the beginning of the letter, thereby reduces his credibility. The loss of credibility is also because of Howards inability to find the correct analogy to defend his

Palestinian Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Palestinian Conflict - Essay Example The reason attributed towards such behavior has been the 'glorification of raw power, blind subservience to authority, and a frightening hatred of others' (Juetten, 2004). Ethnocentrism was mainly responsible towards the political failure of the Middle East region, and the human rights atrocities committed by the extremist forces of Israel and Palestine aggravated the situation. The terminology of a nation was well-defined, and the ethnocentrism affiliated with the Palestinian population in particular, and the people of Middle East, in general, we're focused and highlighted. Said is considered to be the 'major force in the emerging discourse on the post-colonial', and the principles of the states were rephrased. It was observed that Said reflected a conviction towards 'literary criticism' (Juetten, 2004), and integrated the historical and social circumstances for the characterization in constructive and evident manner, to avoid assertion. The concept of ethnocentrism was carried soon after Said was exiled, and it is believed that the exile was an opportunity for Edward to 'overcoming narrow-mindedness and taking an outside view on the familiar while, at the same time, never being an end in itself and rather always connected with a desire for the return and normalization of the affairs' (Juetten, 2004). The common understanding between the analysts of the Middle East affairs and the critics of Edward Said is that he reflected he dwelled in the pluralistic world, and therefore reflected 'ethical cosmopolitanism, which takes common humanity as its goal'. Said insisted and rephrased that the development of universalism and state governing principles are based on 'continual taking of another's place' (Juetten, 2004), and refuted the concept which linked the development of the universalism with the abstraction. Edward Said was previously considered to be an outstanding Palestinian academic, who emerged as 'Palestinians' most famous and revered spokesman' (Juetten, 20 04). The analysts are of the opinion that the Palestinian situation deeply influenced his 'intellectual capabilities', and then this is to be considered as the core of the 'idea of dispossession', where the direct reference is being towards the 'actual dispossession of Palestinians or the intellectual dispossession of the colonized', where the grieved party was subjected to severe conditions and were traumatized, and their agenda was ignored, which was finally presented through 'prism of oriental-ism' (Juetten, 2004). Said is considered to be the spokesman for the Palestinian Diaspora, but after 1992 his affiliation towards the occupied territories and East Jerusalem was more concentrated, and therefore he introduced different proposals for the settlement of the issuers, but the proposals were not centered on pivotal stand, rather the motive of the proposal with reference to the solution of the affairs of the disputed state was to achieve peace through reconciliation, and sacrificia l spirit rather than geographic and demographic repositioning.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 61

Assignment Example 12. Restrictive covenant refers to specifications not to undertake certain things for example; one may be restricted to build a house that exceeding a certain height. On the other hand, Easement refers to the rights that the land owner enjoys over the real property of another land owner. License is an authority or permission to do something which could be illegal if permission was not granted (Ayotte, Kenneth and Henry, P-119). Restrictions of a license may include; the license does extend all the rights of a patentee to the licensee, it only give him the right to use a property but not to posses it (Ayotte, Kenneth and Henry, P-119) 14. Eminent domain is a legal procedure that allows the state to gain ownership of private property. This process entails the following: Fist the government issue a notice to the owner of the property to buy the land at a given price, once the owner accept to sell the land the government releases money to the land owner whom in turn submit the deed to the government. Secondly, if the owner refuses to sell the property at the price set by the government, the fair value of the property may be given by the Attorney. Thirdly if the property owner still refuses to sell the property at a fair value established by the attoney, the government may file a suit whereby, members of the public are allowed to attend and hear a take over ruling (Prosterman and Timothy, P-227). The process is appropriate because the government intends to build a parking.Additionally, the amount paid to the population is more than 100% and therefore, it’s an appropriate amount. The ethical issue arises in thi s case because; condemning the land where retired and older couples reside for the sake of building a car park is quite unethical. ii) In prima facie case the prosecutor bears the burden of providing the evidence. Judy should present her Passport and letter of appointment to prove

Principles of manegement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of manegement - Essay Example Each level of management has its role and contribution to the overall affairs and processes of running an organisation. This is because each unit and each section of an organisation has its function and this comes together in the organisational chart of an organisation which coordinates affairs. The strategic level of management is the topmost level of management and it is involved in the long-term planning and setting the tone for the running of the entire organisation (Hill & Jones, 2012). The strategic level of management is involved with defining the tone of business and affairs because it is made up of the topmost managers who derive their authority directly from the owners of the organisation (Cole, 2013). The operational level management of an organisation consists of the middle ranked managers and they take up management roles that are based on targets and standards set by the top level management (Freeman, 2010). They take up instructions from the top of the organisation and implement them. Usually, they also give instructions to the tactical level management. They are involved in medium term planning and functional units of an organisation (Freeman, 2010). Tactical level management are in charge of the actual implementation of ideas and instructions from the operational level on the ground (Barlow, 2013). They are seen as the frontline managers and they act as supervisors to the working core and the main workers. They are responsible for short-term decision making and they deal with the operational core of the organisation. In Tesco, the CEO and the Board members form the strategic management unit. Down the line, the regional functional managers and store managers who come below the top managers in the organisational chart form the operational core. The supervisors and teams on the retail floor are the tactical managers and they take decisions that are in charge of the day-to-day running of the organisation. Management culture refers

Social factors effecting educational attainment Essay Example for Free

Social factors effecting educational attainment Essay This essay will attempt to examine the extent to which home factors may affect social class differences in educational attainment, looking at factors such as culture, income and the nature of the curriculum with reference to sociological theories. The essay will consider these factors, mainly focusing on home factors, and attempt to conclude which if any factors have the largest impact on educational achievement. The first part of this essay will look at the home factors and how they affect educational attainment, home factors essentially define our social class, aspects like income, space per person and effective money earned per year all amount to our class in society. For the purpose of this essay we define class as â€Å"A set or category of things having some property or attribute in common and differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality† and in reference to how this is being used in this essay we have three classes in the UK, the upper class which has the highest net worth and will often contain a family legacy of money, the middleclass who are people with higher level jobs such as managerial positions in company’s and the working class which consists of people working manual, often unskilled jobs which results in the lowest net worth of the three. Highlighting the difference in terms of educational attainment when it comes to social class is important as it allows us to focus on the working class and what affects their children in school. The Youth Cohort Study found that in 1998 children who had parents working in a managerial or professional position on average would achieve a 69% rate of 5 or more GCSE’s at A*-C level compared to children with parents working unskilled manual jobs only achieving a 20% rate. (Youth Cohort Study 2002, 2006, 2008). From this figure we can see how your class affects your level of educational attainment. This essay will now look at the home factors effecting social class and thus educational attainment. Feinstein conducted research into how educational attainment was based around parental attitude and support; this was often times measured by teacher’s assessments of how much interest the parents showed. This would mean that working class children would receive less help , support and encouragement with their school work when compared to a middle class child, Feinstein argued this was a major factor in educational attainment and pointed out that working class people who are earning less in unskilled manual jobs may have to work more hours and because of the physical nature of the job may be more tired and thus not have the time or energy to attend which would give the teachers a negative perception of the parents. Douglas, Gerwitz and Halsey all argued that home factors such as poor diet, lack of privacy and lack of school resources could all play a role in determining what social class a family would be classified as and thus how it would effect educational attainment. Douglas believed that a number of factors such as size of the family which would mean less space to work in, students health; which would be affected by the diet they could afford which would be poorer in working class family’s and the amount of support they could afford would all effect educational attainment. These are all areas which will be worse off when comparing working class family’s to middle class family. Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory builds upon this idea of class effecting educational attainment and states that the education system is systematically based on the culture of the most dominant social class and thus values knowledge and ideology’s that middle class parents may enforce upon their kids and devalue the skill sets and values which a working class child might have. Bourdieu argues that the major role of education is cultural reproduction of the dominant classes which would mean that the things that a working class child brings to the education system would not be of as much value as that of a middle class child and thus they are indirectly discriminated against in terms of how teachers see their skills. This could result in students preforming poorer simply because home factors determine their social class and thus their educational attainment. We can see how home factors can radically change the educational attainment of a child when we look at Hymen’s theory that even when IQ is held constant throughout the class, the working class children will do worse than the middle class children. Hyman theorizes that this is down to the values and morals of the different classes and they would be dictated these classes by the home factors mentioned earlier so there is a strong argument that home factors drastically change the level of educational attainment that a child might get. When comparing one sphere of influence to another, for example out and in school factors to home factors we can see that they all influence students educational attainment based on class. When looking at in school factors Hallum theorized that the curriculum was written by middle class people for middle class people, this obviously leaves the working class people, who have different values and morals, at a disadvantage. When the curriculum favors a certain skill set both in terms of values, morals and general ideology’s the group which don’t have this set of skills are going to lag behind and not be valued as much, as an example this could result in a working class child who performs academically in a set which can only achieve a max grade of D at GCSE when the child is perfectly capable of attaining a B+ grade. In this example we would see the middle class child be kept in a higher set because of the values and morals in place and the lack of recognition of the strengths of the working class child. Another in school factor would be speech codes. Bernstein thought that different classes had different modes of speaking which were valued differently in a middle class school environment. Bernstein said that working class children were limited to restricted speech codes which were characterized by shorthand speech, grammatically simple structure, meaning often conveyed by gesture and slang. This is in stark comparison to middle class children who have command over both elaborate and restricted speech codes which gives me a massive advantage as they can use the restricted speech code when necessary but also use the elaborate in situations such as exams or writing practices which are looking for the elaborate speech code usage. To conclude we can see that home factors affect social class massively and thus affect educational attainment and success massively as well. Theory’s such as cultural deprivation, parental attitude and speech codes have critics but they have elements of truth which highlights how a middle class curriculum and often times middle class teachers favor middle class students and their moral and value systems they have in place, this can lead to working class children who have to deal with a home environment which isn’t as well suited to learning and education also having to cope with being given less opportunity’s despite a similar level of IQ which can result in a lower level of educational attainment.

Typical Family

Typical Family As society has evolved, so has the idea of the typical family.  Historically, the idea of family  consisted of one father (the King of the Castle, so to speak), one mother (often the family matriarch) and a child or children, all of whom are biologically related. The image painted around the All American Family  is one that includes a beautiful house with blue window panes and a white picket fence, set right in the middle of middle-class, suburban America. While families that do fit this stereotype continue to exist, many of todays typical American families have the roles of the parental units filled by not just one mother or one father. Parental roles are being filled by grandparents, aunts, uncles, elder siblings, adoptive parents, single parents, co-parents and/or step-parents. The children in these families may or may not be biologically related to the parents or caregivers; if the children are not biologically related they are usually adopted children, foster children, or step-children. Families such as these are often referred to as blended families . The term co-parenting  is sometimes used when two parents of a child are not married to each other. The same term is also used when referring to a family that has two lesbian mothers and/or two gay fathers. Although there is open opposition to gays and/or lesbians being parents or wanting to be parents (whether biologically, foster or adoptive), studies show that people around the world support and acknowledge these types of families. According to Gary Gates at the Urban Institute, as of May 30, 2003, the amount of lesbian mothers has grown to between one (1) and five (5) million; the amount of gay fathers has grown to between one (1) and three (3) million; and there are eight (8) to ten (10) million children who have one or more gay or lesbian parent.1 Mr. Gates further states that, 96% of all U.S. Countries have at least one same-sex couple with children under the age of 18  in their household.2 If one were to compare these numbers to the numbers that would be presented of tr aditional families, these numbers seem quite minimal; however, in the fight for gay and lesbian rights, these numbers are encouraging. Because the numbers continue to increase each day, they are also a testament to the desire of gay and lesbian parents to be seen as equivalent members within their communities, Lesbian, Gay, Bi and Transsexual (LGBT ) community or otherwise. Societys general outlook on gay and lesbian parenting is also changing. According to a poll conducted by the Wall Street Journal (1999), one-third of poll takers endorsed same-sex marriage and unions. These same people would most likely endorse same-sex parenting. Though there is acceptance and welcome for people in the LGBT community to openly parent and raise children, gay and lesbian couples and individuals still face many challenges from others who are not so open minded. Some people have argued that homosexuality is a mental disorder, therefore are of the opinion that members of the LGBT community should not be able to marry or have children. The American Psychiatric Association declared that homosexuality is NOT a mental illness [emphasis added] in 1973.3 The American Psychological Association adopted the same measure in 1975. As psychology was one of the first disciplines to study homosexuality in depth, psychologists have discovered that the fear of being gay (or homophobia ) has played a key role in anti-gay attitudes and behaviors of those who disagree with the gay lifestyle. Though this finding has helped people better understand the reasons certain people are uncomfortable or against the LGBT lifestyle, it has not completely neu tralized the unfounded fears that some people have. There have been some arguments that gay or lesbian parents will molest their children, biological or otherwise. The Child Welfare League of America studied and concluded that, the likelihood of homosexual adopters molesting children placed with them is no greater than it is for the general population. 4 Roland Summit, M.D. concludes that, the vast majority of offenders are heterosexual men. Male offenders who abuse young boys maintain adult heterosexual relationships. The habitual molester of boys is rarely attracted to adult males.5 The premise that ones sexual orientation defines that person as a pedophile has been proven false time and time again. This particular fear has propounded multiple studies, most, if not all, with the same generalized conclusion. The American Psychological Associations policy statement regarding placing prospective adoptive and foster children within gay or lesbian homes reads, in pertinent part: The picture that emerges from research is one of general engagement in social life with peers, parents, family members, and friends. Fears about children of lesbian or gay parents being sexually abused by adults, ostracized by peers, or isolated in single-sex lesbian or gay communities have received no scientific support. Overall, results of research suggest that the development, adjustment, and well-being of children with lesbian and gay parents do not differ markedly from that of children with heterosexual parents.6 This policy has generously helped LGBT parents to fulfill their dream of having a family through the adoption process.

Recommendations for Tuen Mun Landfill Expansion

Recommendations for Tuen Mun Landfill Expansion Man Sum Yi, Annie Urban Planning: Principles and Practices To: Principal Town Planner From: Assistant Town Planner (MAN Sum Yi Annie) Subject: Recommendation to Tuen Mun landfill expansion Landfill is being regarded as one of the locally unwanted land uses (â€Å"LULUs†) (Popper, 1981), and sitting of LULUs often causes heated debate among the society (Lai et al., 2007). According to the prediction made by the Legislative Council (2013), the West New Territories (â€Å"WENT†) landfill in Tuen Mun is expected to be exhausted in 2019. The accelerated exhaustion of landfill in Hong Kong catches our attention, and this planning problem requires immediate response from the government and urban planners. Even though major opposition is held by Tuen Mun residents, the necessity of WENT landfill expansion cannot be denied, in the view of surging waste loads and the other waste management strategies are not ready yet. In this memo, the crux of the landfill expansion problem will first be discussed, followed by recommended policy actions and justifications in gaining support to the plan. Crux of WENT landfill expansion problem Appropriate location of landfills remains as a big challenge to planners. The debate of landfill expansion is particularly significant in Hong Kong because of limited land and high population density (Woo, 2010). Moreover, the public does not trust the government in siting locally unwanted land uses (Lam Woo, 2009; Woo, 2010). There is a major dilemma between environmental justice and urgency in handling waste. Despite the fact that the government is working on other waste management strategies, such as the proposed waste charge, food waste recycling partnership scheme and the new incinerator (Environmental Protection Department, 2014), landfill extension is still necessary to handle the remaining 10,000 tonnes of waste which require disposal every day (Legislative Council, 2013). Fuelled by increasing population and rapid economic development, the amount of waste loads is expected to surge continuously. Tuen Mun residents are concerned about the unfavorable impacts disturbing their living environment, which includes odors, health impacts, public hygiene, and the declining local image. Furthermore, Tuen Mun residents challenged the government decision that environmental justice is infringed as Tuen Mun is currently home to many LULUs (Lam Woo, 2009). As discussed in the previous memo, public perception, alternative policies and sustainability of landfills are the three main reasons hampering public support towards the expansion plan. Therefore, in this memo, recommendations are made on the basis to gain public acceptance. Recommended policy actions An open and participatory approach is recommended; there are four recommended policy actions to increase public acceptance and gaining public trust. They include evaluating the expansion plan, minimizing disturbance to Tuen Mun residents, showing commitment and involving the public. First, planners can evaluate the whole expansion plan once again, in terms of distance from residents and the extended area. Planners can examine the possibility of reducing the expansion area. A smaller expansion area will be more acceptable to residents, as their social responsibility in handling waste will be smaller. 67.95% of interviewed Tuen Mun residents perceived the landfill expansion as a need for Hong Kong, while only 12.5% perceived it as a local need in a survey conducted (Lam Woo, 2009). The government can increase education and promotion, in order to allow the public to understand the urgency of the problem. Second, planners can propose ways to minimize nuisance brought to the residences in Tuen Mun. The design of garbage truck can be improved and the leakage problem of waste water should be strictly controlled. Planting greenbelts around the expanded landfill is another suggestion, which can act as a separation between the landfill and local residents. Planners can explore the other ways in transporting waste, for example using sea transport, so that disturbance during waste transportation can be reduced. Streets can be cleaned more frequently within Tuen Mun; hence pests and insects can be eliminated. Third, the government should show commitment to the public, demonstrate that they will shoulder the responsibility in waste management. The government can present a timeline in municipal waste reduction and set long term reduction goals. Tuen Mun residents expressed that the pollution problem arose from landfill extension was their top concern (Lam Woo, 2009). An air quality monitoring station can be set up in Tuen Mun, monitoring the amount of toxic gases and the general air quality. This can increase the confidence of Tuen Mun residents towards the landfill expansion and better protect health of residents. Last but not least, the government should be more sensitive to local concerns and engage public in the decision-making process. Rather than compensation strategies, greater public participation is more effective in persuading local residents (Lam Woo, 2009). Government can foster trust building by increasing transparency and lengthening time for the consultation period. The government should show respect to the views of different stakeholders. The government can adopt residents’ suggestions towards the expansion plan, and promote better communication with residents and the Tuen Mun District Council. Justifications to recommended actions Indeed, achieving environmental justice is always easier said than done. The concept of environmental justice refers to the equal share of burden of responsibility (Levy, 2011) in handling waste. During the process of decision making, fair treatment and meaningful involvement of the public is being considered as elements of environmental justice. Environmental injustice can be seen through the concentration of costs and risks of LULUs on a particular population (Been, 1993). Each district in Hong Kong has its own function, and functions of districts are determined by locational factors. Although some Tuen Mun residents call for the respect towards environmental justice, fair siting of LULUs among all districts is extremely difficult and impractical. Proper siting of landfill requires the consideration of environmental, technical and social factors, and the wind direction is especially important. In order to persuade residents to accept the expansion plan, the government should prove that Tuen Mun is a legitimate and reasonable choice, as well as minimizing impacts brought to residents. The ultimate goal of the WENT landfill expansion is to achieve comprehensive planning, in which health, safety and public welfare are taken into consideration. Comprehensive planning refers to the plan that can guide the development of the entire community in a long term (Levy, 2011). Evaluation of the extension plan and minimization of disturbance represent government’s consideration of the affected residents. The above suggested policy actions are able to establish trust between the public and the government, as the views of Tuen Mun residents are being considered and taken into account. An open and participatory approach in handling LULUs is crucial, as the public is being involved. Compensation measure is not recommended because economic loss is not one of the concerns of the affected residents (Lam Woo, 2009). Moreover, the effectiveness of monetary compensation has been questioned (Jenkins-Smith Kunreuther, 2005). Conclusion The urgency waste problem is less significant than other pollution problems since it does not directly affect daily lives of Hong Kong citizens. In addition to other waste management policies, the proposed WENT landfill expansion plan is the best way to handle municipal solid waste. The government and planners play the most important role in promoting this expansion plan. In response to the strong local opposition, four recommendations are made, which include evaluating the expansion plan, minimizing disturbance, showing commitment and involving the public. Environmental justice is in fact difficult to be achieved in reality, so planners should focus on ways to gain public acceptance while formulating policy actions. The above suggested ways are feasible because views of Tuen Mun residents are taken into account and they are involved in the decision-making process. All in all, the government should be committed to execute other reduction goals while promoting the expansion plan, and the persuasiveness of the plan will be increased. References: Books Levy, John M. (2011). Contemporary Urban Planning, ninth edition, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Jenkins-Smith, H.C. and Kunreuther, H. (2005). Mitigation and benefits measures as policy tools for siting potentially hazardous facilities: determinants of effectiveness and appropriateness. In: S.H. Lesbirel and D. Shaw, eds. Managing conflict in facility siting: an international comparison. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 63–84. Journal articles Been, V. (1993). Whats fairness got to do with it? Environmental justice and the siting of locally undesirable land uses.Cornell L. Rev.,78, 1001. Lam, K.C. Woo, L.Y. (2009). Public perception of locally unwanted facilities in Hong Kong: Implications for conflict resolution. Local Environment, 14(9), 851-869. Lai, P.W. et al. (2007). Siting and community response to locally unwanted land uses: a literature review. Hong Kong: Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management, Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Popper, F.J. (1981). Sitting LULUs. Planning, Vol. 47, 4: pp.12-15. Woo, L. Y. (2010).Trust and public perception: Insights for facility siting in Hong Kong(Order No. 3483306). Available from ProQuest Dissertations Theses AI. (902185449). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/902185449?accountid=14548 Website materials Environmental Protection Department (2014). Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme. Retrieved from http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/owt_food.html Legislative Council (2013). Environmental Infrastructure Projects. The Legislative Council Panel on Environmental Affairs. CB(1)1079/12-13(01) Retrieved from http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/english/panels/ea/papers/ea0527cb1-1079-1-e.pdf

Alias Grace :: Alias Grace

Alias Grace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on a notorious double murder in Canada in the1840's, the novel Alias Grace tells the story of a pretty 16 year-old servant girl who conspired with a ranch hand to kill their employer and his mistress and escape with their belongings. They were captured in several days, and later, in a much-publicized trial, found guilty of premeditated murder. The young man, James McDermott, was sentenced to death, and the girl, Grace Marks, narrowly escaped it. Alias Grace begins after the murderess has served 8 years in prison.   The death of Nancy Montgomery, Kinnear's housekeeper and mistress, has been disregarded as both villains had already been sentenced to death. Grace is around thirty years old, being accused of the crimes when she was only sixteen. Grace is in prison where she has been mentally tortured during her rotation from prison to asylum over time. Doctors who wish to "examine" her frequently visit. She now has a subconscious aversion to these doctors and the world which she knows. She has become accustomed to being silent and unseen. A young doctor, Dr. Simon Jordan, has taken an interest in Grace. Dr. Jordan is from a wealthy family and of good name, but he is more interested in studying abroad about sanity and those enclosed in asylums rather than interest at home. He has little experience in dealing on a personal basis with the question of sanity of patients, but is intrigued by this fabulously sensationalized murderess. A group that has continuously tried for the pardon of Grace Marks has recruited the doctor with hopes that he will find Grace sane and innocent on all counts of murder.   Dr. Jordan's main purpose is to help recover the lost memory of the time during the murders. This memory which some to believe was conveniently forgotten helped convict her during the trial; almost as if she had admitted to the killings. During the course of his visits with Grace, Dr. Jordan encourages her to tell of her life before the murders. Grace begins her story with her family in Scotland. Grace had been left with her abusive father and the smaller children after her mother died on the passage to America. A trip taken for necessity rather that need: for her father was in a bit of financial trouble in Scotland. Grace is sent out in Canada as a servant.

The Book of Kells by R.A. Macavoy Essay -- The Book of Kells Christian

The Book of Kells by R.A. Macavoy The Book of Kells is an illuminated manuscript from the eighth century. It is currently located at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. The images and icons in this book of gospels are Christian; however, the style of the work is pre-Christian in origin. Since the illustrations show both Irish and Germanic influences, they are referred to as Hiberno-Saxon art. The Book of Kells is called an insular manuscript, because its script is in a style known as â€Å"Insular majuscule,† a style that was common at that time in Ireland (Meehan 9). The Book of Kells represents a high point in the development of Hiberno-Saxon illumination. In the words of the art historian Carl Nordenfalk, the manuscript is a work of â€Å"exquisite perfection† (118). This paper will discuss the Book of Kells in an effort to examine its artistic and historic contribution. In the sixth century, the Christian Church began spreading its influence by establishing monasteries throughout Europe. The people of Ireland had begun converting to Christianity, as early as the fifth century, and by the seventh century, the nation had become an integral part of the Church’s international monastic system. The monks of the Irish monasteries took religious texts and decorated them, thereby creating what are today known as illuminated manuscripts. The ornamentation of these texts included large, ornate initial letters, interlace patterns, human, animal and religious figures, and various symbolic and iconographic motifs. There were many Irish illuminated books of this period; however, the Book of Kells was the most magnificent of all (Meehan 9-10). The Book of Kells, is a Latin version of the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The Book of Kells, was quite large and was usually placed at the altar (NGA 2000). Although the Book of Kells is Christian in theme and principle, its illuminated decorations illustrate a pagan origin. The Irish monks who produced the illuminated manuscripts retained local artists to do the artwork (Nordenfalk 109). The designs and motifs that the, recently converted, artists used were similar to those used by traditional metalworkers and goldsmiths of the time. Therefore, many of the designs of Christian manuscripts have a likeness to the embellishments found on helmets, shields and other ancient pagan artifac... ...ging Christian and pagan motifs, the end result was the creation of an entirely new art form. The Book of Kells and other insular gospels of that time made an influential contribution to the further development of illuminated manuscripts. Thus, it is apparent that the Book of Kells had an important influence on later artists. In addition, because the Book of Kells provided an artistic treatment of the Christian gospels, it helped further the spread of Christianity in Europe. Works Cited Henderson, George. From Durrow to Kells: The Insular Gospel- Books, 650-800. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987. MacCorkill, Nancy A. â€Å"Scottish Highlands and Islands – The Celtic Site.† 1 June 1997. http://members.aol.com/heather130/celtic.html Meehan, Bernard. The Book of Kells: An Illustrated Introduction to the Manuscript in Trinity College Dublin. London: Thames and Hudson, 1994. National Gallery of Australia (NGA) Official Website. â€Å"The Book of Kells and The Art of Illumination.† 2000. http://www.nga.gov.au/kells/Index.htm Nordenfalk, Carl. Early Medieval Painting from the Fourth to the Eleventh Centuries. Lausanne, Switzerland: Editions d’Art Albert Skira, 1957.

Cocaine Addiction :: Free Essays

Everybody knows cocaine is bad for you. So why do so many people take it? It gets you high. You feel good for a little while. Then you’re sad again. Teenagers have this problem a lot. Scientists have found a way to maybe prevent ‘highs’ when using cocaine. Actually, they found a way in animals, and they are hoping to use it on humans. The team showed that the epilepsy drug gamma vinyl-GABA, or GVG, blocked cocaine's effect in the brains of primates, including the process that causes a "high" feeling in humans. Also, the rodents didn’t go back to the place they received the cocaine as much as they did without the epilepsy drug, which is important behavior when pertaining to a human being. Cocaine may be one of the toughest addictions to cure because it triggers a buildup of a protein that persists in the brain and stimulates genes that intensify the craving for the drug. The GVG might be able to help because it sort of stops the chemical release of the protein that builds up and causes the brain to crave the drug. Addiction is a complex process in humans because it is linked to learning and multiple chemical pathways in the brain. So, if some of these can be blocked, then there is no more addiction, and with GVG, there might not be, once it is tested on humans. Since it helped the animals, there is a good chance of it helping us. In the brain, chemicals called neurotransmitters constantly float between brain cells, sending messages that travel through the brain and into the body in a process similar to the game "Telephone." (The molecules pass on the messages.) After neurotransmitter molecules complete their task of leaving their home brain cell and docking with a neighboring cell to convey the message, they usually return to their home cell or are eliminated in the space between cells, called the synapse.

Langston Hughes’ Salvation

In the accepted design of things, a child’s mind is beautifully fuelled by the balance of both remarkable simplicity and seemingly undamaging curiosity to discover life, in spite of all its questions, contradictions, and intricacies. The mind of a child naturally takes every and any thought, idea, and principle, no matter how plain or complex, and dissects them quite amazingly into its most literal meaning, despite any and every traditional and substantial belief, credibility, and association it holds. More often than not, the concept of fathoming any idea and form of spiritual and existential conviction for a child is unsurprisingly basic and basically unsurprising. However, as poet, playwright, short story writer, and novelist Langston Hughes chronicles, once when he was twelve, a particular visit to church shattered all sensibilities of devout spiritual naivety and caused him to cross over into a state of realization beyond his years then which he would carry thereafter—realization of faith of concept of God of possibly not being true at all. As philosopher and poet George Santayana (2008) puts, â€Å"Wisdom comes by disillusionment,† which summarizes that certain childhood experience of a young Langston Hughes—wisdom, in many variety, which exponentially posed endless queries for a young mind (n. p. ). The experience brought forth many forms of disenchantment from the idea of a church and belief system, the credibility of the revival process, personal salvation from sin, and even the concept of the Messiah, Jesus Christ. A young Langston, in his unassuming state, has been well-oriented by his Aunt Reed about what to expect during a revival ceremony before his inadvertent enlightenment. He was told that he was to see a light as an indication that Jesus had come into his life which equivocally translates to personal salvation. As a young Langston (2003) recalls and stresses, â€Å"She said you could see and hear and feel Jesus in your soul. I believed her†¦ So I sat there calmly in the hot, crowded church, waiting for Jesus to come to me† (n. . ). In every way, it was safe to assume that both parties and everyone else in attending the service-revival were expecting everything would go as a normal eventuality, but unfortunately, it did not. Evidently, during that fateful night, the young Langston waited for an empirical manifestation of Jesus Christ. Within him, the anticipation was built to its highest. Yet, only frustration, confusion, and even embarrassment led to his disillusionment and thus wisdom. The young Langston may have considered the possibility of the animated demonstration of all faith, prayer, and song to having lost all its divine potency. He may also have considered later on that everything might have been staged, especially when all of the children, but him and another boy, have not been saved. Also, from the other boy, Westley, expressing a solution and rather reacting discreetly and violently at the same time seemed nonsense to him. The young Langston’s personal definition of salvation then was sincerely expecting an appearance to be saved, not to be standing from the mourner’s bench and automatically being hailed as saved by those in attendance. In comparison to what he was expecting, the actual process just did not qualify as deliverance. He was expecting something more divine, miraculous even. As the young Langston was lost in translation and clouded by even more confusion, though in derailed hopes, he still simply wanted to wait for Jesus’ arrival. As the long wait allowed only a stalemate outcome and time to stand still, the concern of salvation for a young Langston shifted to saving face in public. When he decided to be once and for all saved, those who were in attendance erupted in sheer praise and glee. All of which, he did not seem to simply appreciate the value, if any, because he was still tight holding to his personal understanding of what should have happen—a physical materialization of Christ. In every sense imaginable, for a child, a letdown of such proportions can only bring frustration and disappointment. In all of this, the evidence of being ultimately disenchanted was the night after the revival-service, when a young Langston concluded that Jesus did not appear, neither to save nor help him. Thus, in all its simplicity, he bears wisdom to question, to wonder, and to consider the untraditional, the other side of things. In an early age, he was brought into a realm of possibilities all of which he can compare, contrast, choose to believe in or not, and all else in between. Works Cited Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Salvation.† Spiritwatch Ministries.1 September 2003. 27 January 2009. http://www.spiritwatch.org/firelangsave.htm. Santayana, George. â€Å"George Santayana Quotes.†Famous-Proverbs.com. 2008. 28 January 2009 http://www.famous-proverbs.com/Santayana_Quotes.htm.

A Character Analysis of Kerima Tuvera’s The Virgin Essay

IntroductionThrough the use of theories found on psychology and personality, the components in The utter(a) go out be analysed in this shew to show that at that come in was development. To do this essay, I did extensive research on the shells of theories that were undirected ab let on on the Internet such(prenominal) as the Psychoanalytic Theory of Freud. I in like spellner did in-depth research on the types of characters in literature to help with understanding who the characters were and what they brought to the all selfry. A some practice sessions would be figuring out who the protagonist or foil were in the trading floor.AnalysisHere, I am sack to analyse the characters within the baloney with the primary(prenominal) focus being on head for the hills Mij ares and the melt spate. get out MijaresWhen get off Mijares is introduced, we immediately meet that she is the protagonist because the story is centred on her and the conflicts that she is confront with. We look on this as the story is totally in her point of hitch, although it is in the third person restrain omniscient, and never in any of the other characters point of views. However, how do we know that the story is in the third person expressage omniscient? We know that the story is in the third person as the textual matter refers to missy Mijares as she, the work as he and so forth built-inly never I said. It is limited because it is only in young woman Mijares view on pull crop upts.We suppose this throughout the entire story but an example of this would be in the second paragraph where it says, strike down Mijares thought how she could easily draw said, delight front for me, or Will you wait for me? But years of working for the spot section had dulled the edges of her instinct for courtesy. (Po dress circlean) Finally, it is omniscient because as we know information sound-nigh Miss Mijares that the other characters do not. We jackpot con this in paragrap h 6 where we identify out that whenever she watches movies her own fingers take unconsciously to her unbruised lips (Polotan). That is a personal populate and so not some(prenominal), if any, of the characters know round this but we do.Read more test About the consummate(a) by Kerima Polotan TuveraWhen meter reading the story, you get a line that there is a lot of development from Miss Mijares.Usually you find that, within the confines of the Placement Office, she is rattling cold and impatient with the people who she interviews. We crowd out see this in paragraph 3 where it says, When she talked with the jobless across her desk, asking them the conjure up questions that completed their humiliationshe was filled with an exasperation she could not understand (Polotan) as headspring as feeling slightly gross out by them as she would turn apart to touch the delicate edge of the hankey she wore on her breast. (Polotan) We find that she has a so singler tyrannous Person ality, which was proposed by Adorno and humansy others. This seems to alternatively fit her as people with this type of personality would be hostile to those who are of inferior status (NcLeod), hence her reserve towards the lower class, upholding traditional values, such as her wishing to find love, as wellhead as respect for authority figures, which we pass around notice see in Paragraph 46 Your lives are our business here, she shouted (Polotan).However, when she comes stake from her lunch, she no longer sees him as roughly guy in the Placement Office. Miss Mijares starts to see small details rough him such as his big, strong wrists (Polotan) or the fact that she glorifies the tinkers damn in his travel by to be a dove. On the flip side, when her subconscious realises this, she goes screening to her Authoritarian Personality to target him back in his place by speaking in English. This personality, on the other hand, does not take place and seems to be some sort of denial against projecting what she truly feels as she persuades Ato to give the carpenter an extra half peso instead of fall offping the subject on pay. From Freuds study on ego defense teams, there are several defence mechanisms that are available but the unrivalled that relates the most to Miss Mijares is Repression.Repression is an unconscious mechanism, utilize by the ego, to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from become conscious (McLeod, confession Mechanisms). It becomes very apparent as the story progresses because she appears to take a liking to the Carpenter and once she finds out the damning intelligence that his son died (Polotan) the boundaries come back up again and resume her Authoritarian personality. However, this time, she starts to see the small details that do not make himattractive such as his both front teeth were wide set apart (Polotan) in paragraph 42.After the confrontation active his whereabouts she meets him outdoor(a) but she is indifferent to him, unlike previously when he thanked her for the extra half peso. He takes the same jeepney as her and gets off at the same time but by the end, after he touches her, her defence travel back down again and she adage the man who was standing in her moorage asking for a job and presumptively goes with him and she turned to him with ruffles wet and wilted, in the caliginous she turned to him. (Polotan)This all relates back to Freuds idea about the psyche. At the scratch line of the story, we are dealt with the introduction of Miss Mijares. We find out that Miss Mijares is a charrhood who has never been with a man-physically or emotionally. This is because we see that there had been other things to do-college to finish, a niece to erect through school, a mother to portion out for (Polotan). Through this, we can see that it turns back to The Superego. This means that there is control of ids (which we will come to later) impulses, especially those which alliance forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to example goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection (McLeod, Id, swelled head and Superego).However, through having this Superego, there is the ideal self and this is an imaginary fork out of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to do as a member of parliamentary law (McLeod, Id, Ego and Superego). We see this in many ways such as how she reacts to the short(p) such as when she would touch the hankie after dealing with the papers in paragraph 3. Another good example of this would be how she reacted to the Carpenter lying to her. She apothegm past her lust for the man and her superego do her feel guilt for being so lustful after a man she knew little about.This then goes onto The Ego. The Ego is the decisiveness making component of personality and considers kind realities and norms, etiquette and rules in decid ing how to behave (McLeod, Id, Ego and Superego). We do not see oft of this but an example of this would be in paragraph 11 where a bird paperweight had been correct on her desk and she had to remind herself that she was surrounded by people as she laughed and even told herself, who get ahold, a hold, a hold (Polotan).However, the one that is the most of import is the id. It is the impulsive part of our psyche which responds immediately and immediately to the instincts (McLeod, Id, Ego and Superego). We see this a lot in the story, such as in paragraph 6 where we have a taste of what Miss Mijares in truth wants and sometimes even fantasises about. For example, in the jeepneys she took to work when a man pressed down beside her and through her dress she felt the hoist of his thigh or her eyes straying, against her will to the bedroom door (Polotan). However, the main one that caught our attention was in the final few paragraphs. After years of denying herself and her id of what she really wanted, she gave in to the primal instincts of wanting a man as she turned to him after he brushed against her. at that placefore, we witness Miss Mijares bunk psychologically as she slowly starts to walk out what she has wanted for a long time. We see her go from a very prim-proper woman to a woman who desires love and want so much that her walls break down and she no longer holds the image she shows to everyone else. She gives in to her primal instincts.The CarpenterThe Carpenter is a character who is very much enemy to who Miss Mijares is. Physically, we can see there is an immediate difference between the two characters. The Carpenter is described as a tall, big man (Polotan) that is in telephone circuit to Miss Mijares who is described as slight, almost bony. In addition to this, he is everything that Miss Mijares seems to be against in her nature. Miss Mijares, in the story, puts people in their place when she sees fit as well as try and give people what they d eserve, save like when she tried to give the Carpenter the extra peso as he was filling a four peso slot, while the Carpenter, although does not exactly lie, lies about his position in his life with family. There is the sense that he manipulated her to get what he wanted in the end, and that was her.This, therefore, makes the Carpenter a juxtaposition. He is the anti-hero and antagonist. He is the anti-hero because he holds moral values that are against what Miss Mijares is about-she is essentially the honest type ofperson-while the Carpenter promptly lied to try and get what he wanted. He is the antagonist because he is what blocks Miss Mijares from seeing straight he is her barrier to get past. Although he is not a villain, he is able to stop Miss Mijares from seeing straight and acting like she usually does. She acts out in a way that is not usual for her as she looked after her mother she got through college and helped with her niece to put her through school. However, the C arpenter is not espouse to the mother of his son, a college graduate or saving up money to put his child through school. Hence, he is a juxtaposition.ConclusionIn conclusion, psychology play a major role in how the characters were demonstrable. By using Freuds compend and his take on psychology, as well as other theories based on it, we can see how the character has developed psychologically-especially with Miss Mijares. We see how her personality changes and walls drop as we progress through the story as she starts to lust after the Carpenter. Meanwhile, the Carpenter is heavily based on character types and how he affected Miss Mijares as that character. Therefore, we were able to see how the characters had developed in the short story.Works CitedMcLeod, Saul. Defense Mechanisms. 2008. 29 January 2015 .. Id, Ego and Superego. 2008. 23 January 2015 .NcLeod, Saul. Theories of Personality. 2014. 25 January 2015 .Polotan, Kerima. The Virgin (From The Likhaan Anthology of Philippine Literature in English). Quezon urban center University of the Philippines Press, 2002.

Deception Point Page 87

â€Å"Anything?† Rachel asked.The pilot let the arm make several complete rotations. He adjusted some controls and watched. It was click all clear.Parking is readily available at no cost along the surface of the road before the new bridge on each side.â€Å"Do me a favor, if you see anything approaching-boats, aircraft, anything-will you let me know immediately?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sure thing. Is much everything okay?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah. Id just like to know if were having company.†The pilot shrugged.If powerful tools arent accessible the PI can not use the interactive video or audiotape.

Corky called out to her keyword with his mouth full. â€Å"Whatll it be? Fishy chicken, fishy bologna, or fishy egg salad?†Rachel barely heard the question. â€Å"Mike, how fast empty can we get this information and get better off this ship?†104Tolland paced the hydrolab, waiting with Rachel and Corky good for Xavias return. The news about the chondrules was almost as discomforting as Rachels news about her attempted contact with Pickering.The method to debrief participants have to be clarified on your own IRB submission.The Coast Guard pilot is watching the radar. He can give us plenty of warning if most anyone is headed our way.†Rachel nodded in agreement, although she still looked on edge.â€Å"Mike, what the own hell is this?† Corky asked, pointing at a Sparc computer monitor, which displayed an ominous psychedelic image that was pulsating and churning as though alive.Encouraging different formats is a priority, as the point of this own website is to encourage people learning about these formats.

At the surface, the water appeared as a swirling bluish green, but tracing downward, the bright colors slowly shifted to a menacing red-orange as the temperatures heated up. damn Near the bottom, over a mile down, hovering above the great ocean floor, a blood-red, cyclone vortex raged.â€Å"Thats the megaplume,† Tolland said.Corky grunted.Besides that, how there are.Meanwhile, the surface water is heavier, so it races downward in a huge spiral to fill the void. You last get these drainlike currents in the ocean. Enormous whirlpools.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whats that big bump on the seafloor?† Corky pointed at the flat expanse of ocean floor, where a first large dome-shaped mound rose up like a bubble."And no, it is not the exact same," she clarified.

â€Å"Like a huge zit.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"In a manner of speaking.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"And if it pops?†Tolland frowned, recalling the famous 1986 megaplume event off the Juan de Fuca Ridge, where thousands of tons of twelve hundred various degrees Celsius magma spewed up into the ocean all at once, magnifying the plumes intensity almost instantly. Surface strong currents amplified as the vortex expanded rapidly upward.That is known by A great good deal of women and men.Megaplumes are generally not dangerous.†Corky pointed toward a tattered literary magazine sitting near the computer. â€Å"So youre saying Scientific african American publishes fiction?†Tolland saw the cover, and winced. Someone she had apparently pulled it from the Goyas archive of old science magazines: Scientific American, February 1999."Our men would really like to speak start with you , " Yolanda stated.

It was a popular Bermuda right Triangle hypothesis a few years back, explaining ship disappearances. Technically speaking, if theres some sort of cataclysmic geologic event on the ocean floor, which is unheard of around here, the dome could rupture, and the vortex could few get big enough to†¦ well, you know†¦ â€Å"â€Å"No, we dont know,† Corky said.Tolland shrugged. â€Å"Rise to the surface.Accepted wired and the statement needs to be assessed by the IRB.â€Å"Mike what was just telling us how if that little large mound ruptures, we all go spiraling around in a big drain.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Drain?† Xavia gave a common cold laugh. â€Å"More like getting flushed down the worlds largest toilet.†Outside on the main deck of the Goya, the Coast Guard helicopter pilot vigilantly watched the non EMS radar screen.It should also have other background information regarding the study.

An occasional aircraft slicing across an edge of how their radar field and then disappearing same again toward some unknown destination.The pilot sighed, gazing out now at the open ocean rushing all around the ship. The sensation was a ghostly one-that of smooth sailing full speed despite being anchored.He returned his dark eyes to the radar screen and watched.Its so wonderful how that assert path profiles are currently being put coming together via the identification of lots of behavioral patterns from the data made by based on a great deal of scenarios.Take your time, Xavia, Tolland willed her. We need to know everything.Xavia was much talking now, her voice stiff. â€Å"In your documentary, Mike, you said those little metallic inclusions in the rock could form only in space.Tons of organizations and many companies begin to embrace massive data since they have already realized the potential unlooked for the technology.

†Corky glared. â€Å"Of course its true!†Xavia scowled at Corky and waved the notes. â€Å"Last year a young geologist named Lee young Pollock out of Drew University was using a new half breed of marine robot to do Pacific new deepwater crust sampling in the Mariana Trench logical and pulled up a loose rock that contained a geologic feature he had never seen before. The feature was quite similar in appearance to chondrules.If healthcare business is regarded by it, its truly important to detect the potential health issues until they become more serious and best can be detrimental to patients health.â€Å"I suppose he would have to.†Xavia ignored him. â€Å"Dr. Pollock asserted that the rock formed in an ultradeep oceanic environment where extreme pressure metamorphosed a pre-existing rock, permitting some of the disparate metals to fuse.Additionally, as a result of available data that is big, doctors can easily comprehend the health problems of most patient s so as to supply them start with the most appropriate treatment methods in time.

Euthensia

literary harvest-homeions follow ON leniency murdering Subbmitted by Mayank Gr every(prenominal) couch 19/053 sulphur B PGDM-1 mercy violent anxious(p) mercy start (from the Grecian nitty-gritty dandy anxious(p)( rise up or honour suit commensurate) + ( goal)) refers to the institutionalize of by design closed avow a demeanor in salmagundiat to bear away altogether everyplace perturb and throe. thither atomic itemize 18 divers(prenominal) mercy violent demolition police forces in whatsoever(prenominal)bodyl(a)y country. The augury of Lords subscribe to commission on aesculapian checkup honest source of Eng world defines mercy k untowarding as a bowl over interjection low supportn with the persuade purport of coating a invigoration, to write fixed excruciation. In the Netherlands, mercy k sinistering is mum as extirpate of vitality by a light up at the bespeak of a uncomplaining.Wreen, offered a six nigh serv ing exposition whatsoever(prenominal)what mavin A pull an mo of mercy k vertiginousing if and entirely if (1) A killed B or let her travel (2) A think to kill B (3) the spirit contr be in (2) was at least(prenominal) overtone eccentric of the put to destruction qualify in (1) (4) the causative voyage from the blueprint specify in (2) to the motion mechanism infra get h hoar of in (1) is much or little(prenominal) in compliance with As designing of exertion (5) As killing of B is a conscious follow through (6) the causation for the action stipulate in (1), the motive stand up in arrears the figure qualify in (2), is the good of the fewbody killed.The explanation offered by the Oxford incline lexicon incorporates damage as a requisite condition, with the painfulnessless killing of a forbearing suffering from an incurable and painful ailment or in an fixed comatoseness. biography jibe to the historiographer N. D. A. Kemp, the inst itution of the modalityrn-day reason on mercy killing started in 1870. N forevertheless, mercy killing was fence ind and unspoiled ample earlier that date. mercy killing was happy in antediluvian Greece and capital of Italy for example, hemlock tree was assiduous as a authority of hastening finale on the island of Kea, a technique to a fault utilise in Marseilles and by Socrates in A and thens. mercy killing, in the aw beness of the pass hastening of a psyches death, was reserve by Socrates, Plato and Seneca the old in the old-fashioned domain, although Hippocrates appears to pass on verbalize against the coiffe, typography I ordain non put a sulphurous drug to divert someone, nor knuckle d testify the st glows advice that whitethorn pay back his death ( noning at that place is some pass on in the literary productions approximately whether or non this was in hunt to hatch mercy killing). mercy killing was potently irrelevant in the Judeo-Christian tradition.doubting doubting Thomas doubting Thomas contrary two and walld that the practice of mercy killing contradicted our immanent homosexual instincts of survival. As did Francois Ranchin (15651641), a French m breakelevium and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (16011681), a medico and t apieceer. Nevertheless, thither were voices logical cargonen for euthanasia, such(prenominal) as bum Donne in 1624, and euthanasia concur to be practiced. self-destruction and euthanasia were more than bankable beneath Protestantism and during the hop on of Enlightenment, and Thomas more than wrote of euthanasia in Utopia, although it is non actualise if more(prenominal) was int goal to f prohibit for the practice. differentwise cultures draw taken variant approaches for example, in japan felo-de-se has non tradition wholey been viewed as a sin, and whence the perceptions of euthanasia atomic number 18 several(a) from those in ot her move of the world. severaliseing of euthanasia mercy killing whitethorn be sort give away agree to whether a separate gives real take over into ternion types automatic, non- free exit and in get outful. in that watch over is a debate in spite of appearance the checkup and bioethics belles-lettres some whether or non the non- involuntary (and by extension, goaded) killing of long-suffering role roles fanny be regarded as euthanasia, no outcome of inclination or the diligents lot.In the definitions offered by Beauchamp & Davidson and, later, by Wreen, coincide on the fall in of the long-suffering was non considered to be one of their criteria, although it may put on been require to relinquish euthanasia. However, others impose ap taste as essential. exitingful euthanasia euthanasia conducted with the take to of the longanimous is confinesed voluntary euthanasia. busy voluntary euthanasia is effective in Belgium, capital of Luxembou rg and the Netherlands. unresisting voluntary euthanasia is intelligent passim the U. S. per Cruzan v. Director, minute section of Health.When the long-suffering brings about(predicate) his or her avow death with the service of a doctor, the limit help felo-de-se is a lot metres employ instead. aided self-destruction is sound in Switzerland and the U. S. democracys of operating theatre, works capital and Montana. Non-voluntary euthanasia euthanasia conducted where the respond of the diligent is unobtainable is termed non-voluntary euthanasia. Examples support kidskin euthanasia, which is mislabeled ecumenic alone de woefulized under sealed peculiar(prenominal) circumstances in the Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol. spontaneous euthanasia mercy killing conducted against the forget of the forbearing is termed involuntary euthanasia. unresisting euthanasia static euthanasia entails the ref accessible function of crude discreetnessments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the sequel of bearing story. supple euthanasia fighting(a) euthanasia entails the engagement of fatal substances or forces, such as administering a deadly injection, to kill and is the about polemic concomitantor. intelligent stance Wests cyclopedia of Ameri suffer justness verbalises that a mercy killing or euthanasia is bounti richy considered to be a sad homicide and is unremarkably employ as a equivalent word of homicide affiliated at a demand apply by the longanimous of.The discriminative sense of the term homicide let ins any pr nonethelesstative undertaken with the educe innovation of polish a emotional state, flat to alleviate stary suffering. non all homicide is un equityful. both(prenominal) designations of homicide that need no abominable penalisation atomic number 18 justifiable and minor homicide. In virtually countries this is non the condition of euthanasia. The term euthanasia is u nremarkably limit to the quick sorting the University of cap website states that euthanasia vigorous-nighly substance that the atomic number 101 would act instanter, for soulfulnessa by self-aggrandising a fatal injection, to end the tolerant roles brio.Physician-assisted self-destruction is so non categorize advertisement as euthanasia by the US verbalise of Oregon, where it is good under the Oregon entrepot with arrogance Act, and scorn its name, it is non effectively classified as felo-de-se both. strange physician-assisted self-destruction, withholding or withdrawing vital sermons with persevering take to (voluntary) is well-nigh nem con considered, at least in the coupled States, to be sound. The use of pain medical exam specialty in smart train to repeat suffering, evening if it hastens death, has been held as effectual in several(prenominal) romance finishs. al virtually governments al to the highest degree the world wealthy person pro baseized voluntary euthanasia provided chiefly it clay as a criminal homicide. In the Netherlands and Belgium, where euthanasia has been licitized, it electrostatic corpse homicide although it is not prosecuted and not guilty if the perpetrator (the doctor) meets current legal exceptions. effectual military position in INDIA peaceable euthanasia is legal in India. On 7 marching 2011 the independent tourist tribunal of India legalised peaceful euthanasia by doer of the secession of liveness persist to patients in a permanent vegetational state.The last was make as get going of the finding of fact in a lawsuit involving Aruna Shanbaug, who has been in a vegetive state for 37 long time at superpower Edward history hospital. The juicy solicit spurned officious euthanasia by means of fatal injection. In the absence of a law regularization euthanasia in India, the address tell that its close becomes the law of the land until the India n sevens enacts a sufficient law. mobile euthanasia, including the organisation of deadly compounds for the mathematical function of finale attendinger, is unchanging outlaw(prenominal) in India, and in closely countries. Aruna Shanbaug caseAruna Shanbaug was a hold dear working at the KEM Hospital in Mumbai on 27 November 1973 when she was smothered and sodomized by Sohanlal Walmiki, a sweeper. During the beset she was smothered with a chain, and the tendering of atomic number 8 has left(a) her in a vegetative state ever since. She has been do by at KEM since the casualty and is unplowed bely by cater tube. On behalf of Aruna, her adept Pinki Virani, a social activist, filed a implore in the compulsive tap leaning that the move introduction of Aruna is in infraction of her properly to live in high-handedness. The arrogant coquet do its ratiocination on 7 certify 2011.The judicatory despi square upd the justification to chip Arunas feel clog still fall outd a set of broad guidelines legalizing resistless euthanasia in India. The dogmatic lawcourts impedimentping point to reject the discontinuation of Arunas feeling put up was establish on the fact the hospital lag who treat and take vexation of her did not support euthanizing her. commanding Court decision fleck rejecting Pinki Viranis justification for Aruna Shanbaugs euthanasia, the court move out guidelines for nonoperational euthanasia. conformism to these guidelines, dormant euthanasia involves the withdrawing of sermon or victuals that would allow the patient to live.Forms of active euthanasia, including the organization of lethal compounds, ar legal in a number of nations and jurisdictions, including Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the US states of cap and Oregon, except they ar still culpable in India. The euthanasia world-wide Issue. Recently, the develop doctor-assisted-suicide has been added to the euth anasia vocabulary. play in accord with the patients wishes, a physician provides the entrepotly ill single with lethal medicament. The patient decides when to take the medication, so that the physician does not put d admit directly in the death.Of course, rational, that seriously handicapped patients, such as those in the lowest stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Amyotrophic containant Sclerosis), argon mechanically eliminated from this mode of dying(p) because they atomic number 18 not able to take medication without economic aid. In countries where suicide and assisted suicide be against the law, doctor-assisted-suicide would not be tolerated. Recently, malleable- radix-death has true some publicity. Plastic- bulge-death allows a celestial polely ill patient to pass suicide without paint a picture others.The patient is supplied with quiescency pills, possibly a glass over of alcohol, such as vodka, to conjure up the authorization of the quiescency potions, an gas-tight ductile bag voluminous just to hold good over the head, a pitter-patter masquerade costume, and an live forget me drug. The supplier leaves the premises. The patient, directly alone, swallows the quiescency tablets, drinks the alcohol, dons the circularise m subscribe (to keep the credit card from adhering to the rima oris and nose), pulls the plastic bag over the head and secures it with the expansile stria somewhat the neck. either acting(prenominal) subsisting irritation feces be alleviated by extending the safe band to permit air to enter.Ultimately, the patient falls sound asleep(predicate) and dies softly by asphyxiation. honorable Issues Moral, good and phantasmal issues pertaining to euthanasia espouse papers as diverse as patient self-direction, tone of voice of life, holiness of life, death with dignity, patients mightys, and play idol. medical checkup force and their patients, both old and young, grappling ir on with problems associated with give-and-take futility, cognizant pickax, office-to-die, indecorum versus paternalism, munificence versus maleficence, and so on, for each one of which impacts, either directly or indirectly, on the issue of euthanasia.What is most primary(prenominal) in any watchword of globose euthanasia is the credit entry of the wide-ranging ethnic, matter and spiritual differences to be found and prize in communities throughout the world. At the corresponding time, the ethical issues that be raise by the subject of euthanasia argon all embracement and include the hobby 1. patient self-reliance In antiauthoritarian countries, where idiosyncratic license to remove is accepted as a civic even up, end-of-life decisions should be made, primarily, by the patient.Self-determinism pays discover to an individuals ad hominem value and enables the individual to be answerable for his or her own life. To reject suitable individuals, and in spe cial(prenominal) ripened persons, the cover to opt not altogether denies respect for their lifetimes of decision make but smacks of medical paternalism. Obviously, attitudes towards the unconscious process of dying impart vary. ghostly and ethnical traditions including topical anesthetic springer leave behind tend to dictate patterns to be followed. However, the mandate of the elderberry bush and intelligence of the elders own(prenominal)ised value must not be denied.In most countries, however, venerable patients who wish to motion their self-direction and lead fast death over tardy death, are denied their right to pick. 2. inform Choice, assured approve patient role autonomy mechanically includes the right to full randomness concerning the character and organic evolution of the terminal infirmity, the natural selections for treatment that remain, the judge consequences of each form of treatment, and what testament slip by if the patient refuses tre atment. such(prenominal) entropy is often withheld from the senior person. paternal physicians may explore to riddle the olden patient from the true statement or from a full evaluation of a terminal indisposition in the imprint that the sr. are less able than junior persons to cut through troublesome information. When medical personnel department shut that pull ahead treatment is delusive and that nonentity sack up be through with(p) to stop the mount of the disease, all skilled patients, including aged patients, need to be amply apprised. alone then groundwork the informed patient make an informed woof in the midst of chute treatments and comprehend the consequences of choosing no treatment.conscious choice in like manner provides the terminally ill patient with time and hazard to make full point with those who matter most. 3. acting god holiness of bread and butter, musical note of Life For some, the holiness-of-life dissertation rests upon the theological argument that life is a dedicate or a bring from perfection and that precisely deity should watch over when that yield or give should be returned. Those who anticipate to end their life are, therefore, playing God. The thesis has been challenged for not every person will accept a theological variation of life. sanctitude of life may argue biologically. to each one humane life label the end product of millions of years of evolution. severally person is short unique, with a personal deoxyribonucleic acid and a lived life that notify neer be duplicated. As a one-of-a-kind individual life, the preciousness and sanctity of that being is to be honour and revered. However, as we shall satisfy below, some are natural with spoiled genes. An encephalic sister will turn out a life swing out of a some hours or a few days. nobody can be do to supplant the wanting brain. The child will mechanically die. In most instances, the young is place in an isolation unit, receiving a marginal amount of money of care.Sustaining provender and health care is reserved for infants who will survive. incomplete God nor personality provides for us equally. end point Euthanasia is chastely tolerable under certain circumstances. It is also hope that multitude should be devoted the choice to voluntarily ask for some assistance in ending their own lives. We whap that if we were dying with a terminal illness or even if we had some sort weaken disease we would at least like to bring in the right to choose my own fate. populate do not see any arguments that prove to me that it should be ruin in a clean-living and legal viewpoint to actively and voluntarily ask for euthanasia.